Evaluation Methods of Detrusor Sphincter Dyssynergia in Spinal Cord Injury Patients: A Literature Review

Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) is defined as an external urethral anomalous contraction concomitant to detrusor during voiding, due a neurological disease. It commonly occurs in suprasacral spinal cord-injured (SCI) patients and can be associated with autonomic dysreflexia. DSD generates risks the urinary system overall health; hence, it should promptly diagnosed managed. Bladder neck condition that integrated assessment. We reviewed literature indexed PubMed/Medline on evaluation methods of SCI patients. Urodynamics mainstay method has prognostic value for progression upper tract structural degradation renal function decline. found lack consensus optimal urodynamics configuration when evaluating DSD, especially obtaining measuring signal from (EUS) activity. appears combination recordings voiding cystourethrography EUS electromyography, either or without pressure measurement, most accurate available DSD. While gathering articles, we came across interesting approach past: coupled ultrasound imaging. Despite being considered valuable diagnostic standpoint by some prominent authors, no longer represented current literature. In addition instrumental diagnosis, health professionals consider additional clinical features managing patients, design customized plan achieve best compromise between quality life protection.